1	Chapter Nine Local Area Networks: Software and Support Systems
2	After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the main functions of network operating systems Identify the basic features of Novell NetWare, Windows NT/2000/2003, Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X Server network operating systems Compare and contrast the Novell NetWare, Windows NT/2000/2003, Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X Server network operating systems
3	After reading this chapter, you should be able to (continued): Recognize the importance of the network server and the different types of network servers available Identify the different levels of RAID Identify common examples of network utility software and Internet software Enumerate the various components of software licenses Identify the different types of support devices commonly found on local area networks
4	Introduction Proper support of a local area network requires hardware, software, and miscellaneous support devices Network OS is the most important software component Numerous network support programs are also required to support users on a LAN Support devices such as hubs, switches, routers, servers, modems, power supplies, and more are also necessary
5	Network Operating Systems An OS manages all applications and resources in a computer Multitasking OS supports execution of multiple processes at one time Network OS is large, complex program that manages the resources common on most local area networks Besides performing standard OS functions, a network OS is called upon for additional functions
6	Network Operating Systems (continued)
7	Current Network Operating Systems Several popular network OSs currently exist: Windows NT, 2000, and 2003 Unix Linux Novell NetWare versions 3, 4, 5 and 6 Even though NetWare installations are now fewer than any of the first three, NetWare is introduced first since it was the first to introduce the modern directory structure
8	Novell NetWare At one time NetWare the leading local area network OS Has since fallen way down the list on number of installations and may even pass into oblivion some day Nonetheless, it was NetWare that introduced a number of very powerful concepts, including the hierarchical directory structure
9	Novell NetWare (continued) Version 3 – popular but older version of Novell NetWare No longer supported by Novell (end of 2000) User logs onto a particular server Bindery maintains directory system Version 4 Unlike version 3 this version allows single network login Bindery replaced by powerful NDS database No longer supported by Novell (beginning of 2004)
10	Novell NetWare (continued) Version 5 Allows administrator to use IP protocol instead of Novell’s proprietary IPX/SPX protocols
11	Novell NetWare (continued) Version 6 Any client anywhere on the Internet can print and use storage services from NetWare 6 server without loading a single byte of Novell’s Client32 software Powerful Internet printing services (iPrint) make printing nearly idiot-proof User clicks on graphical image of floor plan showing printers; if user does not have printer driver, it is loaded automatically in background
12	Novell NetWare (continued) Version 6 (continued) iFolder Very effective background application powered by Apache Web Server to “equalize” the documents in each system’s My Documents folder with an identical set on the server Volumes can hold 8 terabytes of data in up to 8 trillion files and can keep 1 million files open concurrently
13	Novell NetWare (continued) Novell NDS (NetWare Directory Services) A database that maintains information on, and access to, every resource on the network, including users, groups of users, printers, data sets and servers Network administrator creates a hierarchical tree structure that represents the layout of the organization Tree structure is composed of organizational units which are composed of further objects, and leaf objects which are not composed of further objects
14	Novell NetWare (continued)
15	Additional Suggestions for Designing a Network Tree Hierarchical directory design Whether the NOS is NetWare or Windows 2003, there are basic elements to designing a solid tree structure Some designers like to base the root of the tree on the company’s wide area network layout For example, the next slide breaks the root over three wide area locations
16	Additional Suggestions for Designing a Network Tree (continued)
17	Additional Suggestions for Designing a Network Tree (continued) Hierarchical directory design (continued) Once the wide area has been designed, you can break each city into the various departments Some designers like to break departments by their logical location, while others break departments by their physical location
18	Additional Suggestions for Designing a Network Tree (continued)
19	Windows NT Version 4 User interface based on popular Windows OS Is NOT same as Windows 98 or Windows Me Full service multitasking OS capable of supporting multiple servers NT systems work very well with other Microsoft products Questionable if NT can support large systems Blue screen of death (BSOD) plagues NT systems
20	Windows NT Version 4 (continued) Domain Group of users, servers, and other resources that share account and security information May have from 1 to several hundred domains depending on size of system Every domain has one and only one primary domain controller (PDC) (a server) Centrally manages account information and security Each domain should have at least one backup domain controller (BDC) (a server)
21	Windows NT Version 4 (continued) Single domain model (Figure 9-4(a)) Simplest Window NT model All users and resources are in one domain Multiple domain model (Figure 9-4(b)) Multiple domains, but no hierarchy Each domain is equal to all other domains To allow data to transfer between domains required the creation of trusts
22	Windows NT Version 4 (continued)
23	Windows NT Version 4 (continued) Master domain model There is one domain model which provides a hierarchy, but the domains at the lower hierarchy cannot contain users, only resources Users in the main domain exert control over user accounts
24	Windows 2000 Updated version of Windows NT network OS Specific versions of 2000 designed to support wide variety of system types: Windows 2000 Professional Replaces NT Workstation Windows 2000 Server Replaces Windows NT Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Supports up to 8 procs / 8GB Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Supports up to 32 processors and 64GB RAM
25	Windows 2000 (continued) Biggest change from NT is Active Directory (AD) AD is central repository for all objects that make up the enterprise: domains, organizational units, users, groups, computers, printers, etc. Roughly based on X.500 spec, creates a hierarchical tree
26	Windows 2000 (continued) At the top of hierarchical model is single forest of one or more trees, which must contain at least one (root) domain, which must contain at least one organizational unit (OU), and several other containers (See next slide) Recommended size limitation of 1 million objects per domain, but lab tests have hit 10 million objects without failure
27	Windows 2000 (continued)
28	Windows 2000 (continued) The domain has basically remained the same, but now you can have parent and child domains The parent and all its child domains are defined as a single domain tree, with multiple trees in the same AD a forest
29	Windows 2000 (continued) Domains are named in accordance with the Internet’s DNS standard RFCs 1034 and 1035 For example, the root domain in a tree could be called bigcompany.com The marketing child domain could be mktg.bigcompany.com The production child domain could be prod.bigcompany.com As in NT, you can create trusts between parent and child domains Only with 2000 the trust can be transitive
30	Windows 2003 The newest version of Windows network OS Improvements to Active Directory, including new management tools Capability to interconnect up to 8 Windows servers New and improved file and print support services Support for IPv6 Security improvements
31	Unix Older but very popular multitasking OS capable of supporting network operations First OS written in the language C Very stable system capable of supporting very large operations Numerous versions available from different vendors
32	Linux OS based on the principles of Unix. Many versions available for free or very small price Very stable multitasking OS When incorporated with other free software products, such as the Apache Web server and Atipa’s BlueBird network management software, this system becomes extremely cost effective and powerful
33	Novell Linux Novell, seeing that its market share of NetWare was eroding, moved into the Linux market in the early 21st century Novell currently offers a number of versions of Linux, including high-power servers and desktop OSs
34	Mac OS X Server Apple Computer finally joined the NOS market with its Mac OS Server Version X is based on Linux code Very stable and quite powerful While installed primarily in Apple networks, Mac OS X Server is also capable of supporting non-Apple networks
35	Summary of Network Operating Systems
36	Network Servers In order to support a network OS, you need one or more network servers Network servers are high-power workstations often with multiple processors, RAID, SCSI, and lots of memory and disk space New forms of servers include server appliances, and server blades
37	Network Servers (continued) To protect the server from catastrophic disk failure, disk drives on most network servers support one of the redundant array of independent disks (RAID) techniques RAID is a collection of techniques for interfacing multiple hard disk drives to a computer
38	Network Servers (continued) Some of the more common RAID techniques include: RAID-0 Data is broken into pieces, and each piece is stored on different disk drives This technique is known as striping. RAID-1 Data is stored on at least two disk drives, in duplicate, to provide a level of redundancy (or fault tolerance), should one disk become corrupted This technique is known also as disk mirroring
39	Network Servers (continued) Some of the more common RAID techniques include (continued): RAID-3 Data is redundantly stored across multiple disk drives (striping), and error-checking information concerning the stored data is kept on a separate disk RAID-5 Data is broken into pieces (stripes) and stored across three or more disks Parity information (error-checking code) is stored along with the striped data, not on a separate disk RAID-5 is the most popular of the RAID techniques
40	Client/Server Networks vs. Peer-to-Peer Networks A clear majority of LANs are client/server networks A client/server network has one or more network servers supporting the operations of one or more clients, or user workstations Peer-to-peer networks also exist May have servers, but the network relies less on the servers and more on the communications between workstations
41	Network Support Software In order to support a network OS, may also need: Utilities Internet software
42	Utilities Eight of the more common groups of network utility software include: Antivirus software Anti-spam software Anti-spyware software Backup software Network-monitoring software Crash protection software Security assessment software Remote access software Uninstall software
43	Internet Software Software necessary to support server side of Internet connections Retrieves Web pages and other documents when asked to by a client workstation Can interface with database program allowing users to store and retrieve data via Internet Necessary with commercial Internet applications
44	Software Licensing Agreements Virtually every commercial software program comes with a specific licensing agreement Most licensing agreements specify the following conditions: Software installation and use Network installation Backup copies Decompilation Rental statement Upgrade availabilities Copyright restrictions Maintenance agreements
45	Software Licensing Agreements (continued) Most licensing agreements come in one of the following forms: Single-user-single-station license Single-user-multiple-station license Interactive user license Network server license Site license Corporate license
46	LAN Support Devices Other devices necessary for the proper support of a LAN: Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) Tape drives Printers Media converters Workstations (including thin client workstations)
47	LAN Software In Action: A Small Company Makes a Choice Hannah asks the following questions: What are the primary uses (applications) of the current system? Some applications work better (or only) with a specific NOS How would the choice of a particular NOS affect maintenance and support? Windows is easier to install but harder to maintain NetWare is harder to install but easier to maintain Linux is challenging to install
48	LAN Software In Action: A Small Company Makes a Choice (continued) Hannah asks the following questions (continued): Are finances an issue in the selection of a NOS? Linux offers an extremely attractive cost Does the existing system have any unusual hardware or software that might influence the NOS choice? Will the network be located in a single location or in multiple locations? NetWare is easier to maintain from remote locations Are there any political pressures to select a particular NOS?
49	Wireless Networking In Action: Creating a Wireless LAN for Home Many decisions to make when installing a wireless LAN Which IEEE 802.11 format? 802.11b? Older, well-tested, but slower (11 Mbps) 802.11a? Newer, faster (54 Mbps), uses higher frequencies 802.11g? Newer, faster (54 Mbps), compatible with 802.11b
50	Wireless Networking In Action: Creating a Wireless LAN for Home (continued) Many decisions to make when installing a wireless LAN (continued) What type of wireless access point do you need? If you already have a wired network (with router and modem), all you need is a basic wireless access point If you don’t have a home network but have a high-speed Internet connection, you will need a wireless router If you don’t even have a high-speed Internet connection yet, you might want to consider a wireless gateway.
51	Wireless Networking In Action: Creating a Wireless LAN for Home (continued) Many decisions to make when installing a wireless LAN (continued) What type of network OS do you need? Do you need something as powerful as Windows 2000/2003 or NetWare? No, you only need a client OS such as Windows XP, Apple Mac OS, or Linux
52	Summary Network OS has several additional functions not normally found in an OS Novell NetWare is a network operating system with a powerful directory service (NDS) Very good at performing file and print serving Windows NT is another popular network OS Very good at supporting client/server applications Based on the domain Windows 2000/2003 represents significant advancement over NT Includes powerful directory service, Active Directory
53	Summary (continued) Unix is an older operating system that is stable, fast, and capable of running on a variety of platforms Linux is a derivative of Unix Mac OS X Server is another derivative of Unix Network server is computer that stores software resources and either allows or denies workstations connected to network access to these resources Many network servers can perform one or more levels of RAID
54	Summary (continued) Many types of software programs support a LAN These include utility programs and Internet software tools Software licensing agreements are an important part of LAN software installation Many types of hardware devices are necessary to support a LAN