1	Chapter 2 E-Marketplaces: Structures, Mechanisms, Economics, and Impacts
2	Learning Objectives Define e-marketplaces and list their components. List the major types of e-marketplaces and describe their features. Describe the various types of EC intermediaries and their roles. Describe electronic catalogs, shopping carts, and search engines. Describe the major types of auctions and list their characteristics.
3	Learning Objectives Discuss the benefits, limitations, and impacts of auctions. Describe bartering and negotiating online. Define m-commerce and explain its role as a market mechanism. Discuss competition in the digital economy. Describe the impact of e-marketplaces on organizations and industries.
4	E-Marketplaces e-marketplace An online market, usually B2B, in which buyers and sellers exchange goods or services; the three types of e-marketplaces are private, public, and consortia
5	E-Marketplaces
6	E-Marketplaces marketspace A marketplace in which sellers and buyers exchange goods and services for money (or for other goods and services) but do so electronically
7	E-Marketplaces Customers Sellers Products and services digital products Goods that can be transformed to digital format and delivered over the Internet Infrastructure Front end Back end Intermediaries Third parties that operates between sellers and buyers Other business partners Support services
8	E-Marketplaces front end The portion of an e-seller’s business processes through which customers interact, including the seller’s portal, electronic catalogs, a shopping cart, a search engine, and a payment gateway back end The activities that support online order fulfillment, inventory management, purchasing from suppliers, payment processing, packaging, and delivery
9	Types of E-Marketplaces: From Storefronts to Portals Electronic Storefronts storefront A single company’s Web site where products or services are sold e-mall (online mall) An online shopping center where many online stores are located Visualization and virtual realty in shopping malls
10	Types of E-Marketplaces: From Storefronts to Portals Types of Stores and Malls General stores/malls Specialized stores/malls Regional versus global stores Pure-play online organizations versus click-and-mortar stores
11	Types of E-Marketplaces: From Storefronts to Portals
12	Types of E-Marketplaces: From Storefronts to Portals Types of E-Marketplaces private e-marketplaces Online markets owned by a single company; may be either sell-side and/or buy-side e-marketplaces sell-side e-marketplace A private e-marketplace in which one company sells either standard and/or customized products to qualified companies buy-side e-marketplace A private e-marketplace in which one company makes purchases from invited suppliers
13	Types of E-Marketplaces: From Storefronts to Portals Types of E-Marketplaces public e-marketplaces B2B marketplaces, usually owned and/or managed by an independent third party, that include many sellers and many buyers; also known as exchanges
14	Types of E-Marketplaces: From Storefronts to Portals information portal A single point of access through a Web browser to business information inside and/or outside an organization Types of Portals Commercial (public) Corporate Publishing Personal Mobile Voice Knowledge
15	Types of E-Marketplaces: From Storefronts to Portals
16	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce Sellers, Buyers, and Transactions A seller (retailer, wholesaler, or manufacturer) sells to customers The seller buys from suppliers: either raw material (as a manufacturer) or finished goods (as a retailer)
17	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce
18	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce The Roles and Value of Intermediaries in E-marketplaces infomediaries Electronic intermediaries that provide and/or control information flow in cyberspace, often aggregating information and selling it to others
19	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce A broker is a company that facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers Types of brokers Buy/sell fulfillment Virtual mall Metamediary Bounty Search agent Shopping facilitator
20	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce Intermediaries can address the following five important limitations of direct interaction: Search costs Lack of privacy Incomplete information Contract risk Pricing inefficiencies
21	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce e-distributor An e-commerce intermediary that connects manufacturers with business buyers (customers) by aggregating the catalogs of many manufacturers in one place—the intermediary’s Web site
22	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce disintermediation Elimination of intermediaries between sellers and buyers reintermediation Establishment of new intermediary roles for traditional intermediaries that have been disintermediated, or for newcomers
23	Transactions, Intermediation, and Process in E-Commerce
24	Electronic Catalogs and Other Market Mechanisms electronic catalogs The presentation of product information in an electronic form; the backbone of most e-selling sites Three dimensions of electronic catalogs: The dynamics of the information presentation The degree of customization Integration with business processes
25	Electronic Catalogs and Other Market Mechanisms
26	Electronic Catalogs and Other Market Mechanisms search engine A computer program that can access databases of Internet resources, search for specific information or keywords, and report the results software (intelligent) agent Software that can perform routine tasks that require intelligence
27	Electronic Catalogs and Other Market Mechanisms electronic shopping cart An order-processing technology that allows customers to accumulate items they wish to buy while they continue to shop
28	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms auction A competitive process in which a seller solicits consecutive bids from buyers (forward auctions) or a buyer solicits bids from sellers (backward auctions). Prices are determined dynamically by the bids
29	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms Traditional Auctions versus E-Auctions Limitations of traditional offline auctions rapid process gives potential buyers little time to make a decision electronic auction (e-auction) Auctions conducted online dynamic pricing Prices that change based on supply and demand relationships at any given time
30	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms Types of Auctions One buyer, one seller One seller, many potential buyers forward auction An auction in which a seller entertains bids from buyers. Bidders increase price sequentially
31	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms One buyer, many potential sellers reverse auction (bidding or tendering system) Auction in which the buyer places an item for bid (tender) on a request for quote (RFQ) system, potential suppliers bid on the job, with the price reducing sequentially, and the lowest bid wins; primarily a B2B or G2B mechanism “name-your-own-price” model Auction model in which a would-be buyer specifies the price (and other terms) he or she is willing to pay to any willing and able seller. It is a C2B model that was pioneered by Priceline.com
32	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms
33	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms Many sellers, many buyers double auction Auctions in which multiple buyers and their bidding prices are matched with multiple sellers and their asking prices, considering the quantities on both sides
34	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms Benefits of E-Auctions Benefits to Sellers Benefits to Buyers Benefits to E-Auctioneers Limitations of E-Auctions Minimal security Possibility of fraud Limited participation
35	Auctions as EC Market Mechanisms Impacts of Auctions Auctions as a coordination mechanism Auctions as a social mechanism to determine a price Auctions as a highly visible distribution mechanism Auctions as an EC component
36	Bartering and Negotiating Online Online Bartering bartering The exchange of goods or services e-bartering (electronic bartering) Bartering conducted online, usually in a bartering exchange bartering exchange A marketplace in which an intermediary arranges barter transactions
37	Bartering and Negotiating Online Online Negotiating Negotiated pricing commonly is used for expensive or specialized products Negotiated prices also are popular when large quantities are purchased Much like auctions, negotiated prices result from interactions and bargaining among sellers and buyers
38	E-Commerce in the Wireless Environment mobile computing Use of portable devices, including smart cell phones, usually in a wireless environment. It permits real-time access to information, applications, and tools that, until recently, were accessible only from a desktop computer
39	E-Commerce in the Wireless Environment mobile commerce (m-commerce) E-commerce conducted via wireless devices m-business The broadest definition of m-commerce, in which e-business is conducted in a wireless environment
40	E-Commerce in the Wireless Environment The Mobility Revolution Organizations are embracing mobilized computing technologies for several reasons: Improved productivity of workers in the field Wireless telecom support for mobility is growing quickly More applications can run both online and offline The prices of notebook computers, wireless handhelds, and smart phones continue to fall as their capabilities increase
41	E-Commerce in the Wireless Environment The Promise of M-Commerce location-based commerce (LBC) An m-commerce application targeted to a customer whose location, preferences, and needs are known in real time M-Commerce Adoption Although there are currently many hurdles to the widespread adoption of m-commerce, many companies are already shifting their strategy to the mobile world
42	Competition in the Digital Economy and Its Impact on Industries Internet ecosystem The business model of the Internet economy
43	Competition in the Digital Economy and Its Impact on Industries Lower search costs for buyers Speedy comparisons Lower prices Customer service Barriers to entry are reduced Virtual partnerships multiply Market niches abound Differentiation and personalization
44	Competition in the Digital Economy and Its Impact on Industries differentiation Providing a product or service that is unique personalization The ability to tailor a product, service, or Web content to specific user preferences
45	Competition in the Digital Economy and Its Impact on Industries Porter’s Competitive Analysis in an Industry competitive forces model Model devised by Porter that says that five major forces of competition determine industry structure and how economic value is divided among the industry players in an industry; analysis of these forces helps companies develop their competitive strategy
46	Competition in the Digital Economy and Its Impact on Industries Impact on Whole Industries Patient self-care is growing rapidly The amount of free medical information is exploding Patient empowerment is gaining importance Increasing electronic interaction among patients, hospitals, pharmacies, etc. Increasing digital hospital and other health-care facilities Data collected about patients is growing in amount and quality Easy and shared access to patient data Elder care and special types of care are improving significantly due to wireless systems Increasing need to protect patient privacy and contain cost
47	Impacts of EC on Business Processes and Organizations
48	Impacts of EC on Business Processes and Organizations Impacts of e-marketplaces on B2C direct marketing: Product promotion New sales channel Direct savings Reduced cycle time Improved customer service Brand or corporate image Customization Advertising Ordering systems Market operations Accessibility
49	Impacts of EC on Business Processes and Organizations Transforming Organizations Technology and organizational learning The changing nature of work Redefining Organizations New and improved product capabilities New industry order and business models Improving the supply chain
50	Impacts of EC on Business Processes and Organizations
51	Impacts of EC on Business Processes and Organizations
52	Impacts of EC on Business Processes and Organizations Impacts on manufacturing Build-to-Order Manufacturing build-to-order (pull system) A manufacturing process that starts with an order (usually customized). Once the order is paid for, the vendor starts to fulfill it Real-Time Demand-Driven Manufacturing Virtual Manufacturing Assembly Lines Impacts on Finance and Accounting Impact on Human Resources Management and Training
53	Managerial Issues What about intermediaries? Should we auction? Should we barter? What m-commerce opportunities are available? How do we compete in the digital economy? What organizational changes will be needed?